From: Guo Ren <guoren@kernel.org>
To: "Guo Ren" <guoren@kernel.org>,
"Palmer Dabbelt" <palmer@dabbelt.com>,
"Arnd Bergmann" <arnd@arndb.de>,
"Anup Patel" <anup.patel@wdc.com>,
"Greg Kroah-Hartman" <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>,
liush <liush@allwinnertech.com>, "Wei Fu" <wefu@redhat.com>,
"Drew Fustini" <drew@beagleboard.org>,
"Wang Junqiang" <wangjunqiang@iscas.ac.cn>,
"Wei Wu (吴伟)" <lazyparser@gmail.com>
Cc: Linux Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
linux-riscv <linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org>,
linux-csky@vger.kernel.org, Guo Ren <guoren@linux.alibaba.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 00/13] riscv: compat: Add COMPAT mode support for rv64
Date: Wed, 22 Dec 2021 20:00:42 +0800 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <CAJF2gTS0K=S_zn0DRO5D25mGntYMK1+1hYFCf1LiohCLUG0joQ@mail.gmail.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20211221163532.2636028-1-guoren@kernel.org>
On Wed, Dec 22, 2021 at 12:35 AM <guoren@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> From: Guo Ren <guoren@linux.alibaba.com>
>
> Currently, most 64-bit architectures (x86, parisc, powerpc, arm64,
> s390, mips, sparc) have supported COMPAT mode. But they all have
> history issues and can't use standard linux unistd.h. RISC-V would
> be first standard __SYSCALL_COMPAT user of include/uapi/asm-generic
> /unistd.h.
>
> The patchset are based on v5.16-rc6, you can compare rv64-compat32
> v.s. rv32-whole in qemu with following step:
>
> - Prepare rv32 rootfs & fw_jump.bin by buildroot.org
> $ git clone git://git.busybox.net/buildroot
> $ cd buildroot
> $ make qemu_riscv32_virt_defconfig O=qemu_riscv32_virt_defconfig
> $ make -C qemu_riscv32_virt_defconfig
> $ make qemu_riscv64_virt_defconfig O=qemu_riscv64_virt_defconfig
> $ make -C qemu_riscv64_virt_defconfig
> (Got fw_jump.bin & rootfs.ext2 in qemu_riscvXX_virt_defconfig/images)
>
> - Prepare Linux rv32 & rv64 Image
> $ git clone git@github.com:c-sky/csky-linux.git -b riscv_compat_v1 linux
> $ cd linux
> $ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv32-buildroot-linux-gnu- O=../build-rv32/ rv32_defconfig
> $ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv32-buildroot-linux-gnu- O=../build-rv32/ Image
> $ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-buildroot-linux-gnu- O=../build-rv64/ defconfig
You need menuconfig to enable CONFIG_COMPAT, here.
I forgot add CONFIG_COMPAT in defconfig or make CONFIG_COMPAT with def_bool.
> $ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-buildroot-linux-gnu- O=../build-rv64/ Image
>
> - Prepare Qemu: (made by LIU Zhiwei <zhiwei_liu@c-sky.com>)
> $ git clone https://github.com/romanheros/qemu.git -b riscv-upstream-uxl-v5
> $ cd qemu
> $ ./configure --target-list="riscv64-softmmu riscv32-softmmu"
> $ make
>
> - Run rv64 with rv32 rootfs in compat mode:
> $ ./build/qemu-system-riscv64 -cpu rv64,x-h=true -M virt -m 64m -nographic -bios qemu_riscv64_virt_defconfig/images/fw_jump.bin -kernel build-rv64/Image -drive file qemu_riscv32_virt_defconfig/images/rootfs.ext2,format=raw,id=hd0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0 -append "rootwait root=/dev/vda ro console=ttyS0 earlycon=sbi" -netdev user,id=net0 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0
>
> QEMU emulator version 6.2.50 (v6.2.0-29-g196d7182c8)
> OpenSBI v0.9
> [ 0.000000] Linux version 5.16.0-rc6-00013-g60f122c486d0 (guoren@guoren-Z87-HD3) (riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (GCC) 10.2.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.37) #62 SMP Tue Dec 21 22:54:05 CST 2021
> [ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x80000000 - 0x80200000
> [ 0.000000] Machine model: riscv-virtio,qemu
> [ 0.000000] earlycon: sbi0 at I/O port 0x0 (options '')
> [ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [sbi0] enabled
> [ 0.000000] efi: UEFI not found.
> [ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
> [ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000083ffffff]
> [ 0.000000] Normal empty
> [ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
> [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
> [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000083ffffff]
> [ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000083ffffff]
> [ 0.000000] SBI specification v0.2 detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI implementation ID=0x1 Version=0x9
> [ 0.000000] SBI TIME extension detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI IPI extension detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI RFENCE extension detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI v0.2 HSM extension detected
> [ 0.000000] riscv: compat: 32bit U-mode applications support
> [ 0.000000] riscv: ISA extensions acdfhimsu
> [ 0.000000] riscv: ELF capabilities acdfim
> [ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 17 pages/cpu s30696 r8192 d30744 u69632
> [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 15655
> [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: rootwait root=/dev/vda ro console=ttyS0 earlycon=sbi
> [ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
> [ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
> [ 0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off
> [ 0.000000] Virtual kernel memory layout:
> [ 0.000000] fixmap : 0xffffffcefee00000 - 0xffffffceff000000 (2048 kB)
> [ 0.000000] pci io : 0xffffffceff000000 - 0xffffffcf00000000 ( 16 MB)
> [ 0.000000] vmemmap : 0xffffffcf00000000 - 0xffffffcfffffffff (4095 MB)
> [ 0.000000] vmalloc : 0xffffffd000000000 - 0xffffffdfffffffff (65535 MB)
> [ 0.000000] lowmem : 0xffffffe000000000 - 0xffffffe003e00000 ( 62 MB)
> [ 0.000000] kernel : 0xffffffff80000000 - 0xffffffffffffffff (2047 MB)
> [ 0.000000] Memory: 43952K/63488K available (6180K kernel code, 4873K rwdata, 2048K rodata, 2146K init, 297K bss, 19536K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
> [ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
> [ 0.000000] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: RCU debug extended QS entry/exit.
> [ 0.000000] Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
> [ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
> [ 0.000000] riscv-intc: 64 local interrupts mapped
> [ 0.000000] plic: plic@c000000: mapped 53 interrupts with 1 handlers for 2 contexts.
> ...
> Welcome to Buildroot
> buildroot login: root
> # cat /proc/cpuinfo
> processor : 0
> hart : 0
> isa : rv64imafdcsuh
> mmu : sv48
>
> # file /bin/busybox
> /bin/busybox: setuid ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib/ld-linux-riscv32-ilp32d.so.1, for GNU/Linux 5.15.0, stripped
> # cat /proc/meminfo
> MemTotal: 46096 kB
> MemFree: 30116 kB
> MemAvailable: 32824 kB
> Buffers: 664 kB
> Cached: 3900 kB
> SwapCached: 0 kB
> Active: 3164 kB
> Inactive: 1920 kB
> Active(anon): 40 kB
> Inactive(anon): 524 kB
> Active(file): 3124 kB
> Inactive(file): 1396 kB
> Unevictable: 0 kB
> Mlocked: 0 kB
> SwapTotal: 0 kB
> SwapFree: 0 kB
> Dirty: 8 kB
> Writeback: 0 kB
> AnonPages: 556 kB
> Mapped: 2084 kB
> Shmem: 44 kB
> KReclaimable: 964 kB
> Slab: 5760 kB
> SReclaimable: 964 kB
> SUnreclaim: 4796 kB
> KernelStack: 624 kB
> PageTables: 132 kB
> NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
> Bounce: 0 kB
> WritebackTmp: 0 kB
> CommitLimit: 23048 kB
> Committed_AS: 2088 kB
> VmallocTotal: 67108863 kB
> VmallocUsed: 636 kB
> VmallocChunk: 0 kB
> Percpu: 80 kB
> #
>
> - Run rv32 with rv32 rootfs:
> $ ./build/qemu-system-riscv32 -cpu rv32,x-h=true -M virt -m 64m -nographic -bios qemu_riscv32_virt_defconfig/images/fw_jump.bin -kernel build-rv32/Image -drive file qemu_riscv32_virt_defconfig/images/rootfs.ext2,format=raw,id=hd0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0 -append "rootwait root=/dev/vda ro console=ttyS0 earlycon=sbi" -netdev user,id=net0 -device virtio-net-device,netdev=net0
>
> QEMU emulator version 6.2.50 (v6.2.0-29-g196d7182c8)
> OpenSBI v0.9
> [ 0.000000] Linux version 5.16.0-rc6-00013-g60f122c486d0 (guoren@guoren-Z87-HD3) (riscv32-buildroot-linux-gnu-gcc.br_real (Buildroot 2021.11-201-g7600ca7960-dirty) 10.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.36.1) #4 SMP Tue Dec 21 22:54:43 CST 2021
> [ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x80000000 - 0x80400000
> [ 0.000000] Machine model: riscv-virtio,qemu
> [ 0.000000] earlycon: sbi0 at I/O port 0x0 (options '')
> [ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [sbi0] enabled
> [ 0.000000] efi: UEFI not found.
> [ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
> [ 0.000000] Normal [mem 0x0000000080400000-0x0000000083ffffff]
> [ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
> [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
> [ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000080400000-0x0000000083ffffff]
> [ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000080400000-0x0000000083ffffff]
> [ 0.000000] SBI specification v0.2 detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI implementation ID=0x1 Version=0x9
> [ 0.000000] SBI TIME extension detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI IPI extension detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI RFENCE extension detected
> [ 0.000000] SBI v0.2 HSM extension detected
> [ 0.000000] riscv: ISA extensions acdfhimsu
> [ 0.000000] riscv: ELF capabilities acdfim
> [ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 12 pages/cpu s16600 r8192 d24360 u49152
> [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 15240
> [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: rootwait root=/dev/vda ro console=ttyS0 earlycon=sbi
> [ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
> [ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
> [ 0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off
> [ 0.000000] Virtual kernel memory layout:
> [ 0.000000] fixmap : 0x9dc00000 - 0x9e000000 (4096 kB)
> [ 0.000000] pci io : 0x9e000000 - 0x9f000000 ( 16 MB)
> [ 0.000000] vmemmap : 0x9f000000 - 0x9fffffff ( 15 MB)
> [ 0.000000] vmalloc : 0xa0000000 - 0xbfffffff ( 511 MB)
> [ 0.000000] lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xc3c00000 ( 60 MB)
> [ 0.000000] Memory: 35332K/61440K available (6073K kernel code, 8814K rwdata, 4096K rodata, 4160K init, 241K bss, 26108K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
> [ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
> [ 0.000000] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: RCU debug extended QS entry/exit.
> [ 0.000000] Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
> [ 0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
> [ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
> [ 0.000000] riscv-intc: 32 local interrupts mapped
> [ 0.000000] plic: plic@c000000: mapped 53 interrupts with 1 handlers for 2 contexts.
> ...
> Welcome to Buildroot
> buildroot login: root
> # cat /proc/cpuinfo
> processor : 0
> hart : 0
> isa : rv32imafdcsuh
> mmu : sv32
>
> # file /bin/busybox
> /bin/busybox: setuid ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib/ld-linux-riscv32-ilp32d.so.1, for GNU/Linux 5.15.0, stripped
> # cat /proc/meminfo
> MemTotal: 39492 kB
> MemFree: 26756 kB
> MemAvailable: 29552 kB
> Buffers: 668 kB
> Cached: 3908 kB
> SwapCached: 0 kB
> Active: 3156 kB
> Inactive: 1936 kB
> Active(anon): 40 kB
> Inactive(anon): 520 kB
> Active(file): 3116 kB
> Inactive(file): 1416 kB
> Unevictable: 0 kB
> Mlocked: 0 kB
> SwapTotal: 0 kB
> SwapFree: 0 kB
> Dirty: 0 kB
> Writeback: 0 kB
> AnonPages: 552 kB
> Mapped: 2144 kB
> Shmem: 44 kB
> KReclaimable: 624 kB
> Slab: 3660 kB
> SReclaimable: 624 kB
> SUnreclaim: 3036 kB
> KernelStack: 312 kB
> PageTables: 92 kB
> NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
> Bounce: 0 kB
> WritebackTmp: 0 kB
> CommitLimit: 19744 kB
> Committed_AS: 2088 kB
> VmallocTotal: 524287 kB
> VmallocUsed: 12 kB
> VmallocChunk: 0 kB
> Percpu: 60 kB
> #
>
> Some conclusions:
> - rv32 linux kernel code, data sizes are larger than rv64.
> (complier's issue?)
> - rv32 kernel runtime KernelStack, Slab... are smaller,
> but not so much for memory footprint saving.
> - Totally rv64 kernel is much better than rv32.
> - Qemu, kernel, rv32 = rv64 defconfig, rootfs, opensbi
> are the same in this comparison.
>
> Guo Ren (13):
> syscalls: compat: Fix the missing part for __SYSCALL_COMPAT
> riscv: Fixup difference with defconfig
> riscv: compat: Add basic compat date type implementation
> riscv: compat: Re-implement TASK_SIZE for COMPAT_32BIT
> riscv: compat: syscall: Add compat_sys_call_table implementation
> riscv: compat: syscall: Add entry.S implementation
> riscv: compat: Add elf.h implementation
> riscv: compat: Add COMPAT Kbuild skeletal support
> riscv: compat: init: Add hw-cap detect in setup_arch
> riscv: compat: vdso: Add rv32 VDSO base code implementation
> riscv: compat: vdso: Add setup additional pages implementation
> riscv: compat: signal: Add rt_frame implementation
> riscv: compat: ptrace: Add compat_arch_ptrace implement
>
> arch/riscv/Kconfig | 22 ++
> arch/riscv/Makefile | 5 +
> arch/riscv/configs/rv32_defconfig | 20 +-
> arch/riscv/include/asm/compat.h | 259 ++++++++++++++++++
> arch/riscv/include/asm/csr.h | 7 +
> arch/riscv/include/asm/elf.h | 53 +++-
> arch/riscv/include/asm/mmu.h | 1 +
> arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h | 11 +-
> arch/riscv/include/asm/processor.h | 10 +
> arch/riscv/include/asm/syscall.h | 3 +
> arch/riscv/include/asm/thread_info.h | 1 +
> arch/riscv/include/asm/vdso.h | 9 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/Makefile | 3 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_signal.c | 243 ++++++++++++++++
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_syscall_table.c | 84 ++++++
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/.gitignore | 2 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/Makefile | 68 +++++
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/compat_vdso.S | 8 +
> .../kernel/compat_vdso/compat_vdso.lds.S | 3 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/flush_icache.S | 3 +
> .../compat_vdso/gen_compat_vdso_offsets.sh | 5 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/getcpu.S | 3 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/note.S | 3 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/rt_sigreturn.S | 3 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/entry.S | 18 +-
> arch/riscv/kernel/process.c | 32 +++
> arch/riscv/kernel/ptrace.c | 87 +++++-
> arch/riscv/kernel/setup.c | 5 +
> arch/riscv/kernel/signal.c | 13 +-
> arch/riscv/kernel/vdso.c | 104 +++++--
> arch/riscv/kernel/vdso/vdso.S | 6 +-
> drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/efi-stub.c | 2 +-
> include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h | 4 +-
> tools/include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h | 4 +-
> 34 files changed, 1055 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/include/asm/compat.h
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_signal.c
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_syscall_table.c
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/.gitignore
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/Makefile
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/compat_vdso.S
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/compat_vdso.lds.S
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/flush_icache.S
> create mode 100755 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/gen_compat_vdso_offsets.sh
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/getcpu.S
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/note.S
> create mode 100644 arch/riscv/kernel/compat_vdso/rt_sigreturn.S
>
> --
> 2.25.1
>
--
Best Regards
Guo Ren
ML: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-csky/
_______________________________________________
linux-riscv mailing list
linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-riscv
prev parent reply other threads:[~2021-12-22 12:01 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 48+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2021-12-21 16:35 [PATCH 00/13] riscv: compat: Add COMPAT mode support for rv64 guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 01/13] syscalls: compat: Fix the missing part for __SYSCALL_COMPAT guoren
2021-12-21 17:08 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 11:16 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 11:24 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-24 6:52 ` Christoph Hellwig
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 02/13] riscv: Fixup difference with defconfig guoren
2021-12-21 17:09 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 11:34 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 11:44 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 13:06 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 13:30 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-23 2:12 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 03/13] riscv: compat: Add basic compat date type implementation guoren
2021-12-21 17:12 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 12:03 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 12:46 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-26 15:33 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-24 6:53 ` Christoph Hellwig
2021-12-24 9:28 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 04/13] riscv: compat: Re-implement TASK_SIZE for COMPAT_32BIT guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 05/13] riscv: compat: syscall: Add compat_sys_call_table implementation guoren
2021-12-21 17:15 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 12:43 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 13:21 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 14:00 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-24 9:42 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 06/13] riscv: compat: syscall: Add entry.S implementation guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 07/13] riscv: compat: Add elf.h implementation guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 08/13] riscv: compat: Add COMPAT Kbuild skeletal support guoren
2021-12-21 17:21 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 12:06 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-24 6:54 ` Christoph Hellwig
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 09/13] riscv: compat: init: Add hw-cap detect in setup_arch guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 10/13] riscv: compat: vdso: Add rv32 VDSO base code implementation guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 11/13] riscv: compat: vdso: Add setup additional pages implementation guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 12/13] riscv: compat: signal: Add rt_frame implementation guoren
2021-12-21 16:35 ` [PATCH 13/13] riscv: compat: ptrace: Add compat_arch_ptrace implement guoren
2021-12-21 17:38 ` [PATCH 00/13] riscv: compat: Add COMPAT mode support for rv64 Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-22 12:59 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 13:29 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-26 8:22 ` Jisheng Zhang
2021-12-26 12:38 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-26 20:31 ` Arnd Bergmann
2021-12-27 1:16 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-27 2:29 ` Jessica Clarke
2021-12-28 10:45 ` Guo Ren
2021-12-22 12:00 ` Guo Ren [this message]
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to='CAJF2gTS0K=S_zn0DRO5D25mGntYMK1+1hYFCf1LiohCLUG0joQ@mail.gmail.com' \
--to=guoren@kernel.org \
--cc=anup.patel@wdc.com \
--cc=arnd@arndb.de \
--cc=drew@beagleboard.org \
--cc=gregkh@linuxfoundation.org \
--cc=guoren@linux.alibaba.com \
--cc=lazyparser@gmail.com \
--cc=linux-csky@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org \
--cc=liush@allwinnertech.com \
--cc=palmer@dabbelt.com \
--cc=wangjunqiang@iscas.ac.cn \
--cc=wefu@redhat.com \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for read-only IMAP folder(s) and NNTP newsgroup(s).