$ git log --pretty=format:'%h %s (%cs)%d'
7171511eaec5bf Linux 3.16-rc1 (2014-06-15)
(HEAD -> master)
a9be22425e767d Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net (2014-06-15)
dd1845af24a47b Merge tag 'clk-for-linus-3.16-part2' of git://git.linaro.org/people/mike.turquette/linux (2014-06-15)
b55b39020289f2 Merge git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/linux-nvme (2014-06-15)
b58537a1f5629b net: sctp: fix permissions for rto_alpha and rto_beta knobs (2014-06-15)
e4f7ae930afafd Merge branch 'csum_fixes' (2014-06-15)
f79b064c150681 vxlan: Checksum fixes (2014-06-15)
e5eb4e30a51236 net: add skb_pop_rcv_encapsulation (2014-06-15)
bbdff225ede652 udp: call __skb_checksum_complete when doing full checksum (2014-06-15)
46fb51eb96cafb net: Fix save software checksum complete (2014-06-15)
...
$ git cat-file blob HEAD:README
Linux kernel release 3.x <http://kernel.org/>
These are the release notes for Linux version 3. Read them carefully,
as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the
kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong.
WHAT IS LINUX?
Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by
Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across
the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix,
including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand
loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management,
and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.
It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the
accompanying COPYING file for more details.
ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN?
Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher),
today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and
UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell,
IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64, AXIS CRIS,
Xtensa, Tilera TILE, AVR32 and Renesas M32R architectures.
Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures
as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the
GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has
also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although
functionality is then obviously somewhat limited.
Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a
userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML).
DOCUMENTATION:
- There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on
the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to
general UNIX questions. I'd recommend looking into the documentation
subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation
Project) books. This README is not meant to be documentation on the
system: there are much better sources available.
- There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory:
these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some
drivers for example. See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what
is contained in each file. Please read the Changes file, as it
contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading
your kernel.
- The Documentation/DocBook/ subdirectory contains several guides for
kernel developers and users. These guides can be rendered in a
number of formats: PostScript (.ps), PDF, HTML, & man-pages, among others.
After installation, "make psdocs", "make pdfdocs", "make htmldocs",
or "make mandocs" will render the documentation in the requested format.
INSTALLING the kernel source:
- If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a
directory where you have permissions (eg. your home directory) and
unpack it:
gzip -cd linux-3.X.tar.gz | tar xvf -
or
bzip2 -dc linux-3.X.tar.bz2 | tar xvf -
Replace "X" with the version number of the latest kernel.
Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually
incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header
files. They should match the library, and not get messed up by
whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.
- You can also upgrade between 3.x releases by patching. Patches are
distributed in the traditional gzip and the newer bzip2 format. To
install by patching, get all the newer patch files, enter the
top level directory of the kernel source (linux-3.X) and execute:
gzip -cd ../patch-3.x.gz | patch -p1
or
bzip2 -dc ../patch-3.x.bz2 | patch -p1
Replace "x" for all versions bigger than the version "X" of your current
source tree, _in_order_, and you should be ok. You may want to remove
the backup files (some-file-name~ or some-file-name.orig), and make sure
that there are no failed patches (some-file-name# or some-file-name.rej).
If there are, either you or I have made a mistake.
Unlike patches for the 3.x kernels, patches for the 3.x.y kernels
(also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply
directly to the base 3.x kernel. For example, if your base kernel is 3.0
and you want to apply the 3.0.3 patch, you must not first apply the 3.0.1
and 3.0.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel version 3.0.2 and
want to jump to 3.0.3, you must first reverse the 3.0.2 patch (that is,
patch -R) _before_ applying the 3.0.3 patch. You can read more on this in
Documentation/applying-patches.txt
Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this
process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any
patches found.
linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux
The first argument in the command above is the location of the
kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but
an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.
- Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around:
cd linux
make mrproper
You should now have the sources correctly installed.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Compiling and running the 3.x kernels requires up-to-date
versions of various software packages. Consult
Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required
and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using
excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect
errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that
you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during
build or operation.
BUILD directory for the kernel:
When compiling the kernel, all output files will per default be
stored together with the kernel source code.
Using the option "make O=output/dir" allow you to specify an alternate
place for the output files (including .config).
Example:
kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-3.X
build directory: /home/name/build/kernel
To configure and build the kernel, use:
cd /usr/src/linux-3.X
make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig
make O=/home/name/build/kernel
sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install
Please note: If the 'O=output/dir' option is used, then it must be
used for all invocations of make.
CONFIGURING the kernel:
Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor
version. New configuration options are added in each release, and
odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up
as expected. If you want to carry your existing configuration to a
new version with minimal work, use "make oldconfig", which will
only ask you for the answers to new questions.
- Alternative configuration commands are:
"make config" Plain text interface.
"make menuconfig" Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs.
"make nconfig" Enhanced text based color menus.
"make xconfig" X windows (Qt) based configuration tool.
"make gconfig" X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool.
"make oldconfig" Default all questions based on the contents of
your existing ./.config file and asking about
new config symbols.
"make silentoldconfig"
Like above, but avoids cluttering the screen
with questions already answered.
Additionally updates the dependencies.
"make olddefconfig"
Like above, but sets new symbols to their default
values without prompting.
"make defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default
symbol values from either arch/$ARCH/defconfig
or arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig,
depending on the architecture.
"make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig"
Create a ./.config file by using the default
symbol values from
arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig.
Use "make help" to get a list of all available
platforms of your architecture.
"make allyesconfig"
Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
values to 'y' as much as possible.
"make allmodconfig"
Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
values to 'm' as much as possible.
"make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
values to 'n' as much as possible.
"make randconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
values to random values.
"make localmodconfig" Create a config based on current config and
loaded modules (lsmod). Disables any module
option that is not needed for the loaded modules.
To create a localmodconfig for another machine,
store the lsmod of that machine into a file
and pass it in as a LSMOD parameter.
target$ lsmod > /tmp/mylsmod
target$ scp /tmp/mylsmod host:/tmp
host$ make LSMOD=/tmp/mylsmod localmodconfig
The above also works when cross compiling.
"make localyesconfig" Similar to localmodconfig, except it will convert
all module options to built in (=y) options.
You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools
in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.txt.
- NOTES on "make config":
- Having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a
nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers
- Compiling the kernel with "Processor type" set higher than 386
will result in a kernel that does NOT work on a 386. The
kernel will detect this on bootup, and give up.
- A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the
coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just
never get used in that case. The kernel will be slightly larger,
but will work on different machines regardless of whether they
have a math coprocessor or not.
- The "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a
bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel
less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to
break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()). Thus you
should probably answer 'n' to the questions for "development",
"experimental", or "debugging" features.
COMPILING the kernel:
- Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available.
For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes.
Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.
- Do a "make" to create a compressed kernel image. It is also
possible to do "make install" if you have lilo installed to suit the
kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first.
To do the actual install, you have to be root, but none of the normal
build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain.
- If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as `modules', you
will also have to do "make modules_install".
- Verbose kernel compile/build output:
Normally, the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not
totally silent). However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need
to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed.
For this, use "verbose" build mode. This is done by inserting
"V=1" in the "make" command. E.g.:
make V=1 all
To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each
target, use "V=2". The default is "V=0".
- Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is
especially true for the development releases, since each new release
contains new code which has not been debugged. Make sure you keep a
backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you
are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your
working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you
do a "make modules_install".
Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option
"LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version.
LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu.
- In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel
image (e.g. .../linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage after compilation)
to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found.
- Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a
bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported.
If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO, which
uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf. The
kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or
/boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image
and copy the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO
to update the loading map!! If you don't, you won't be able to boot
the new kernel image.
Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo.
You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your
old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not
work. See the LILO docs for more information.
After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system,
reboot, and enjoy!
If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode,
ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the 'rdev' program (or
alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to
recompile the kernel to change these parameters.
- Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy.
IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG:
- If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check
the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated
with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there
isn't anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail
them to me (torvalds@linux-foundation.org), and possibly to any other
relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup.
- In all bug-reports, *please* tell what kernel you are talking about,
how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common
sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is
old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it.
- If the bug results in a message like
unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010
Oops: 0002
EIP: 0010:XXXXXXXX
eax: xxxxxxxx ebx: xxxxxxxx ecx: xxxxxxxx edx: xxxxxxxx
esi: xxxxxxxx edi: xxxxxxxx ebp: xxxxxxxx
ds: xxxx es: xxxx fs: xxxx gs: xxxx
Pid: xx, process nr: xx
xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx
or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your
system log, please duplicate it *exactly*. The dump may look
incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may
help debugging the problem. The text above the dump is also
important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in
the above example, it's due to a bad kernel pointer). More information
on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/oops-tracing.txt
- If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump
as is, otherwise you will have to use the "ksymoops" program to make
sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred).
This utility can be downloaded from
ftp://ftp.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ .
Alternatively, you can do the dump lookup by hand:
- In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can
look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn't help
me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular
kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP
line (ignore the "0010:"), and look it up in the kernel namelist to
see which kernel function contains the offending address.
To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system
binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is
the file 'linux/vmlinux'. To extract the namelist and match it against
the EIP from the kernel crash, do:
nm vmlinux | sort | less
This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending
order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the
offending address. Note that the address given by the kernel
debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the
function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can't
just 'grep' the list: the list will, however, give you the starting
point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that
has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but
is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one
you want. In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of
"context" in your problem report, giving a few lines around the
interesting one.
If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled
kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as
possible will help. Please read the REPORTING-BUGS document for details.
- Alternatively, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you
cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the
kernel with -g; edit arch/i386/Makefile appropriately, then do a "make
clean". You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via "make config").
After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do "gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore".
You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the
point where your system crashed is "l *0xXXXXXXXX". (Replace the XXXes
with the EIP value.)
gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly)
disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled.
# heads (aka `branches'):
$ git for-each-ref --sort=-creatordate refs/heads \
--format='%(HEAD) %(refname:short) %(subject) (%(creatordate:short))'
for-next x86, apm: Remove unused variable (2014-07-07)
* master Linux 3.16-rc1 (2014-06-15)
# tags:
$ git for-each-ref --sort=-creatordate refs/tags \
--format='%(refname:short) %(subject) (%(creatordate:short))'
v3.1-rc9 Linux 3.1-rc9 (2011-10-04) tar.gz
v3.1-rc8 Linux 3.1-rc8 (2011-09-27) tar.gz
v3.1-rc7 Linux 3.1-rc7 (2011-09-21) tar.gz
v3.1-rc6 Linux 3.1-rc6 (2011-09-12) tar.gz
v3.1-rc5 Linux 3.1-rc5 (2011-09-04) tar.gz
v3.1-rc4 Linux 3.1-rc4 (2011-08-28) tar.gz
v3.1-rc3 Linux 3.1-rc3 (2011-08-22) tar.gz
v3.1-rc2 Linux 3.1-rc2 (2011-08-14) tar.gz
v3.1-rc1 Linux 3.1-rc1 (2011-08-07) tar.gz
v3.0 Linux 3.0 (2011-07-21) tar.gz
...
# associated public inboxes:
# (number on the left is used for dev purposes)
1267769 lkml
398114 stable
343100 netdev
255119 linux-arm-kernel
132916 linux-devicetree
112748 linux-wireless
102260 dri-devel
72910 linuxppc-dev
72659 alsa-devel
72645 linux-media
69033 linux-fsdevel
65600 linux-mm
61273 linux-patches
52857 kvm
52642 intel-gfx
51597 linux-scsi
49347 amd-gfx
42847 linux-omap
40809 linux-arm-msm
40524 linux-arch
39365 linux-mips
35899 linux-xfs
31816 linux-rdma
30566 linux-nfs
30505 linux-pm
29413 bpf
28232 linux-mediatek
27884 linux-doc
27797 linux-samsung-soc
27113 linux-crypto
26692 linux-acpi
25872 linux-block
25804 linux-s390
25709 netfilter-devel
23055 linux-mtd
22554 linux-renesas-soc
22378 linux-clk
22131 linux-sh
21982 linux-gpio
21849 linux-perf-users
21786 linux-pci
21512 linux-usb
21149 linux-tegra
21127 linux-iio
19680 linux-riscv
19261 kernel-janitors
18247 linux-input
17968 sparclinux
17611 linux-btrfs
16010 kvmarm
16001 linux-ide
15946 linux-kselftest
15783 linux-serial
15634 xen-devel
15375 linux-ext4
15341 linux-api
14910 linux-staging
14800 linux-iommu
14718 u-boot
14643 linux-fbdev
14617 linux-mmc
13996 driverdev-devel
13325 linux-kbuild
13300 linux-rockchip
13265 linux-cifs
13209 virtualization
12283 linux-bluetooth
12212 qemu-devel
12009 linux-spi
11667 linux-parisc
11208 linux-amlogic
11196 linux-i2c
10874 intel-wired-lan
10711 linux-security-module
10487 platform-driver-x86
10341 linux-ia64
10081 linux-f2fs-devel
9785 ceph-devel
9591 dm-devel
9334 linux-um
8912 linux-alpha
8693 linux-m68k
7989 linux-nvme
7989 linux-snps-arc
7839 cgroups
7465 nvdimm
7377 nouveau
7216 cluster-devel
7032 linux-can
6971 linux-sunxi
6686 linux-efi
6625 lustre-devel
6496 containers
6495 linux-watchdog
6387 batman
6359 linux-rtc
6035 linux-raid
5960 kvm-ppc
5806 linux-hwmon
5614 linux-hexagon
5597 intel-xe
5527 linux-nvdimm
5458 linux-rt-users
5444 ocfs2-devel
5420 openrisc
5398 dmaengine
5267 loongarch
5225 rcu
5116 linux-hardening
5050 selinux
5038 linux-next
4970 linux-sound
4950 linux-leds
4910 linux-integrity
4817 kernel-hardening
4675 linux-pwm
4607 io-uring
4473 linux-trace-kernel
4407 cip-dev
4359 linux-sctp
4281 outreachy
4188 linux-csky
4134 bridge
4132 llvm
4004 dpdk-dev
3990 mptcp
3974 git
3962 ath10k
3748 lm-sensors
3690 buildroot
3554 linux-remoteproc
3509 linux-hyperv
3441 linux-wpan
3402 kexec
3311 keyrings
3236 soc
3056 linux-modules
3056 linux-phy
3047 linux-nilfs
2945 linux-erofs
2906 linux-bcache
2901 target-devel
2755 ath11k
2726 linux-fscrypt
2703 linux-cxl
2295 ath9k-devel
2237 lvs-devel
2235 linux-edac
2099 linux-unionfs
2095 openbmc
2090 openembedded-core
2035 linux-hams
1947 linux-audit
1863 chrome-platform
1681 phone-devel
1662 v9fs
1605 rust-for-linux
1591 cpufreq
1536 linux-fpga
1533 dccp
1481 linux-trace-devel
1463 openembedded-devel
1431 asahi
1421 reiserfs-devel
1385 imx
1375 ath12k
1374 b43-dev
1258 historical-speck
1213 linux-bcachefs
1135 ntfs3
1049 damon
1010 ntb
1006 linux-kernel-mentees
959 linux-metag
944 b4-sent
904 linux-x25
899 gfs2
890 fstests
888 ecryptfs
783 ltp
747 oe-kbuild-all
731 linux-sgx
719 linux-coco
715 linux-spdx
684 netfilter
678 igt-dev
666 live-patching
664 linux-man
640 lvm-devel
623 netfs
611 linux-ppp
608 linux-i3c
600 cocci
590 fsverity
547 qemu-riscv
542 autofs
537 tpmdd-devel
488 linux-oxnas
477 yocto
450 linux-toolchains
432 regressions
432 oe-lkp
399 virtio-dev
385 linux-sparse
329 audit
313 mhi
311 linux-nfc
311 oe-linux-nfc
302 acpica-devel
296 wireguard
289 u-boot-amlogic
262 lttng-dev
227 kernel-tls-handshake
219 grub-devel
212 bitbake-devel
212 yocto-meta-ti
211 mm-commits
198 backports
197 brcm80211
193 ofono
189 workflows
179 yocto-meta-arago
170 util-linux
169 kernel-testers
166 yocto-meta-freescale
164 fio
155 kvm-riscv
154 poky
151 xenomai
150 linux-embedded
149 xdp-newbies
149 kvm-ia64
145 devicetree-compiler
140 kernelci
133 virtio-fs
133 linux-aspeed
124 linux-kernel-announce
118 yocto-meta-arm
101 linux-rt-devel
100 iwd
99 trinity
90 linux-laptop
86 kernelnewbies
85 yocto-meta-virtualization
76 selinux-refpolicy
74 arm-scmi
72 linux-hotplug
65 ksummit
64 ksummit-discuss
64 initramfs
61 yocto-docs
61 fuego
59 linux-firmware
59 perfbook
57 ell
57 yocto-toaster
52 linux-btrace
38 timestamp
34 stable-rt
33 virtio-comment
31 wireless-regdb
29 linux-console
27 powertop
25 linux-lvm
23 xfs-stable
22 devicetree-spec
20 linux-debuggers
19 connman
19 lkmm
18 dash
17 linux-safety
17 barebox
16 linux-dash
16 ultralinux
13 kdevops
13 hail-devel
12 dwarves
12 oe-kbuild
10 linux-trace-users
9 radiotap
9 kbd
8 smatch
6 ccan
6 tech-board-discuss
6 spacemit
5 tools
5 linux-numa
5 accel-config
4 dm-crypt
4 linux-msdos
4 lartc
4 yocto-patches
4 sophgo
3 stgt
3 linux-smp
3 dtrace
2 linux-dwarves
2 oe-chipsec
2 linux-newbie
1 keys
1 signatures
1 linux-bugs
1 linux-config
1 linux-8086
1 mlmmj
1 spdk
git clone https://yhbt.net/lore/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/apm.git